Prostate Cancer Associated Risk Factors
While prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer to affect men, its primary causes remain unclear. Despite years of ongoing studies, researchers are still unable to determine what causes the cells within the prostate gland to become cancerous. Certain general risk factors have been identified, however, such as the individuals age and family history. Beyond that, little headway has been made over the years in determining the underlying cause of the disease. A recent European study looked into the correlation between certain metabolic risk factors, such as body mass index and high blood pressure, and increased instances of prostate cancer. The results were surprising. Men with a higher body mass index, particularly those who would be classified as clinically obese, had a 36% greater risk of developing prostate cancer. Even more surprising, men within the study group who suffered from long term high blood pressure had a 62% greater risk for developing prostate cancer. Of even greater concern was the increase in mortality rates. The study revealed that men suffering from high blood pressure had a 14% greater risk of dying from the disease than those with a mid-level blood pressure.
Overall Analysis Of Hypertension And Breast Cancer Risk
30 studies regarding the relationship between hypertension and breast cancer risk were included for overall analysis in our meta-analysis. The combined effect estimations using random-effects model were presented in Fig. 2. The overall results suggested a statistically significant 15% increase in risk of breast cancer . There was statistically significant heterogeneity across the included studies .
Forest plots of hypertension and the risk of breast cancer.
Data Sources And Search Strategy
We followed the standard MOOSE37 and PRISMA38 criteria when conducting this meta-analysis and reporting the results. A systematic literature search was conducted for articles on hypertension and risk of breast cancer, which were published between 1965 and August 2016, using the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library. Searches were performed using Medical Subject Heading terms and the free keywords: AND AND . Furthermore, the reference lists of retrieved articles were manually scrutinized to identify potential relevant studies.
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American Heart Association News Stories
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Questions To Ask The Cancer Care Team
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Can the recommended cancer treatment affect my high blood pressure or heart disease?
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Are there other effective treatments that are less likely to affect my blood pressure or heart?
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Are there ways to keep my blood pressure and heart problems from getting worse during treatment?
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How often should my blood pressure be checked during cancer treatment? Should I monitor my blood pressure at home?
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What should my blood pressure numbers be?
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What blood pressure numbers are too high or too low for me?
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What new heart problems could my cancer treatment cause?
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What symptoms of high blood pressure or heart problems should I watch for?
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Who should I tell if I have any new or worsening symptoms of high blood pressure or heart disease? How soon?
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What lifestyle changes can I make that can help me manage my high blood pressure or heart disease during and after cancer treatment?
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What type of screening tests will be used to monitor my heart during and after cancer treatment?
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How long after cancer treatment will my blood pressure and heart need to be monitored?
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Tips To Manage Your Blood Pressure During Cancer Treatment
To keep your blood pressure under control:
Through regular screening, treatment plans, and lifestyle guidance, our healthcare experts can help you to manage your high blood pressure symptoms as well as their underlying causes. Our personalized treatment plans are perfect for those suffering from cancer and other chronic health conditions that need individualized care.
How Is High Blood Pressure Or Heart Disease Managed During Cancer Treatment
Your health care team will closely watch your blood pressure and heart health during treatment. Monitoring may include:
Regular blood pressure testing. Your health care team may check your blood pressure during clinic visits. They may also ask you to take your blood pressure at home.
Imaging tests. Imaging tests can spot new damage in your heart or vessels caused by cancer treatment. They may include some of the same tests you had before treatment began, such as an echo or MUGA scan.
If a heart-related problem occurs, your doctor may be able to manage them without interrupting or changing cancer treatment. Or the doctor may recommend a reduction in the dose or timing of a treatment, or it may be necessary to switch treatments.
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Diagnosis Of Hypertension In The Cancer Patient
Diagnostic criteria of hypertension in patients with cancer are defined according tothe National Cancer Institute of the United States of America and relies on a systemof classification of adverse events, the Common Toxicity Criteria 3, which is based onthe severity of the event and in the intervention required for its control. Thelevel of blood pressure considered suitable in the cancer patient is similar to thatrecommended for the adult population3.
During chemotherapy treatment, blood pressure assessments are recommended before,during, at the end of the drug infusion and 1 hour later3. Regarding the use of AI, the National CancerInstitute recommends weekly blood pressure monitoring during the first cycle ofchemotherapy and then at least every two to three weeks during treatment3,7. After this phase, if the blood pressure remains stable andthere are no adverse cardiovascular complications, monitoring may be aligned withroutine clinical assessments or during home blood pressure monitoring3. Due to nephrotoxic effects, mainlyassociated with sunitinib, it is important to test for abnormal urinary elements andurinary sediment for early detection of proteinuria3,4.
Scientists Find Biological Link Between High Blood Pressure And Breast Cancer
Please note: This article was published more than two years ago, so some information may be outdated. If you have questions about your health, always contact a health care professional.
Researchers have identified a protein that may be a risk factor for both high blood pressure and breast cancer.
Previous studies have found women with high blood pressure have about a 15% increased risk of developing breast cancer compared to women with normal blood pressure. High levels of the protein GRK4 have been shown to cause high blood pressure, also called hypertension. The new study, presented Friday at the American Heart Association’s Hypertension Scientific Sessions in New Orleans, showed the GRK4 protein was present in breast cancer cells but not in normal breast cells.
“Cancer and hypertension share common risk factors,” said Dr. Wei Yue, the study’s lead investigator and a research scientist at the University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville. “Our laboratory’s previous research on GRK4 found that it is regulated by an oncogene called c-Myc, which plays a role in many cancers, including breast cancer. This led us to hypothesize that GRK4 could be a link.”
In women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death.
Not all breast tumors are the same. The study looked for GRK4 in two specific types of breast cancer, known as hormone-sensitive and triple-negative.
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Things You Can Do On Your Own
In addition to any necessary medicines that can help keep your blood pressure from becoming dangerously elevated, regular aerobic exercise as well as good diet choices can also help keep your blood pressure optimized. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet helps lower blood pressure by up to 20 points, compared to conventional diets. The diet consists of a focus on vegetables, in addition to fruits, reducing red meat with preference for white meat, occasional fish and low fat dairy. Watching your total salt intake can also help significantly.
Two Lots Of Blood Pressure Medicine Were Recalled
Two lots of quinapril and hydrochlorothiazide tablets made by Aurobindo Pharma USA are being recalled because they contain too-high levels of nitrosamines. These compounds are commonly found in water and foods, including meats, dairy products and vegetables in low levels, but may increase the risk of cancer if people are exposed to them above acceptable levels over long periods of time, according to the voluntary recall from Aurobindo, which was posted by the US Food and Drug Administration last month.
Quinapril and hydrochlorothiazide are used to treat hypertension, or high blood pressure. Two lots of Aurobindo’s 20 mg/12.5 mg are included in the recall, both with expiration dates through January 2023, and the specific lot numbers can be found in the recall announcement on Oct. 25. The tablets are pink-colored and round, with “D” printed on one side and “19” on the other side.
If you have this medication, you should talk with your doctor before you stop taking it, according to the notice posted by the FDA. Untreated high blood pressure can raise the risk of stroke, heart attack and other serious health issues or medical emergencies, so you should discuss the risks and benefits of any change in medication.
To date, Aurobindo said, it hasn’t received any reports of adverse events related to the recall. Consumers with medical questions about the recall can contact the company at 866-850-2876 or email Aurobindo at . For questions about returns, consumers can call 888-504-2014.
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How Is High Blood Pressure Or Heart Disease Managed After Cancer Treatment
After cancer treatment is complete, your health care team will continue to monitor your heart health. You may need to adjust your blood pressure or heart medications again. For instance, sometimes your blood pressure may drop after you finish a treatment that caused it to rise even higher. That means you may need a lower dose of high blood pressure medication.
Your health care team may also check your heart function after treatment ends. They are looking for signs of new or worsening heart disease. That is because some cancer treatments that affect your heart do not always cause problems right away. Long-term side effects can happen months or years after treatment. Evaluating and treating these side effects is an important part of cancer survivorship care.
How Does Cancer Treatment Affect Blood Pressure And The Heart
High blood pressure and heart disease can be caused by certain cancer treatments. You are more likely to get these and other heart-related side effects of cancer treatment if you already have blood pressure or heart problems. There are many types of heart problems that cancer treatment can cause or worsen.
Cancer treatments linked to high blood pressure or heart disease include:
Anthracycline chemotherapies. Anthracycline drugs that can cause heart problems include daunorubicin , doxorubicin , epirubicin , idarubicin , and valrubicin .
Other chemotherapy drugs. Mitoxantrone can cause heart problems. Cisplatin can cause severe high blood pressure.
Radiation therapy to the chest. Higher doses to large areas of the heart cause more heart problems. Combining radiation therapy and chemotherapy may also increase the risk of heart damage.
Some types of targeted therapy. Many different targeted therapies can cause heart problems or high blood pressure. These include axitinib , bevacizumab , dasatinib , lapatinib , pazopanib , sorafenib , sunitinib , and trastuzumab .
Sometimes, the most effective cancer treatment option may worsen your high blood pressure or heart disease. Other times, there may be equally effective treatments available that are less likely to affect your arteries or heart. Your doctor will help you weigh the benefits and risks of each treatment option.
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Adrenal Tumors Are The Most Common Cause Of Secondary Hypertension
Unfortunately, only a minute fraction of these patients is correctly diagnosed, treated and referred for possible curative surgery not acceptable
High blood pressure categories. Patients with high blood pressure need to be screened for an adrenal tumor.
All 4 classes of adrenal hormones can cause high blood pressure. These 4 classes of adrenal hormones are: 1) aldosterone, 2) cortisol, 3) catecholamines, and 4) sex-steroid hormones. Overproduction of all of these hormones can cause secondary hypertension. That means primary hyperaldosteronism , Cushings syndrome, pheochromocytomas and sex-steroid hormone-producing tumors are all associated with hypertension.
Interestingly, each of the different adrenal hormones causes slightly different types of hypertension and with different symptoms. For instance, patients with Cushings syndrome due to an adrenocortical tumor overproducing cortisol have sustained relatively mild to moderate hypertension. Patients with a tumor overproducing aldosterone typically causes sustained moderate to high hypertension, sometimes where the diastolic is worse than the systolic pressure. Patients with a pheochromocytoma may have completely normal baseline blood pressure but then have abrupt episodes of very severely elevated blood pressure often together with headaches, palpitations, pallor and sweating.
Description Of The Selected Studies
Our literature search identified 1143 articles and 1097 were excluded after review of title or abstract . Forty-six full-text articles were further reviewed. We excluded seventeen studies due to the following reasons: eight studies did not report RRs or 95% CI one was comment four reported exposure of interest as a continuous variable four reported duplicate population. One study was identified via hand searching and the study was included in our meta-analysis. Thus, the meta-analysis included 30 independent observational studies8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36 published between 1989 and 2016 with a total of 11643 breast cancer cases. The characteristics of the included studies were summarized in Table 1. Among these studies, eight were conducted in USA, six in Italy, three in China, two in Korea, two in Japan, two in Brazil and seven in other countries. According to the study design, eleven were cohort studies, one was nested case-control studies, and eighteen were case-control studies. Nine studies reported breast cancer patients with premenopausal status and thirteen studies reported breast cancer patients with postmenopausal status. About twenty-two of the included studies provided RRs that were adjusted for age, alcohol consumption, smoking, age at menarche, education, BMI or history of breast cancer. With regard to study quality, the NOS score ranged from 5 to 8.
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High Blood Pressure Caused By Adrenal Tumors
Can high blood pressure be cured? YES. Since many patients with high blood presure have an adrenal tumor as the cause, yes, removing the adrenal tumor can improve and often completely cure the high blood pressure. Learn about how a short Mini Back Scope Scope Adrenalectomy operation can potentially cure you of high blood pressure and thereby decrease your chance of stroke, heart attack, and sudden death.
Classification of Types of Hypertension
| Type | |
|---|---|
| Over 180 | Over 110 |
Primary Hypertension. In most cases, high blood pressure is due to what we call “primary hypertension”. This means that there is no underlying cause of the high blood pressure. This is sometimes also called “essential hypertension”. Primary hypertension is the most common form of high blood pressure and it can only be treated with medications and life-style modifications .
Secondary Hypertension. Secondary hypertension means that there is an identifiable cause that is underlying the high blood pressure. In other words, patients with secondary hypertension have something causing it–and often this is an adrenal tumor. In these cases, hypertension can be cured, often with a safe and straightforward Mini Back Scope Scope Adrenalectomy This is why it is very important for doctors to not just treat the high blood pressure with medications without figuring out why the patient has high blood pressure in the first place.
Hypertension And Cancer Treatment
Some medications used to treat cancer can cause a rapid onset of elevated blood pressure, also called hypertension. The class of cancer treatment medications that are most associated with a rise in blood pressure are anti-VEGF medications. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a protein that stimulates the formation of small blood vessels. Medications that block VEGF help block the blood flow supply to tumors, helping shrink or eradicate the cancer. However, the medications frequently affect other blood vessels in the body which can lead to high blood pressure. Regardless of which cancer treatment you are receiving, your cardio-oncology team will help control your blood pressure so that you can receive the anti-cancer treatment that you need.
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Cancer Therapies With The Potential To Cause Hypertension
Various classes of medications used for the treatment of cancer have been associated with the development of new hypertension or exacerbation of previously well-controlled hypertension . In this section, we discuss the classes of antineoplastic and other drug therapies commonly used in cancer treatment that can potentially cause hypertension. For each drug class, we summarize the incidence, mechanism, and management from the available literature .
Table 1 List of anticancer drugs commonly associated with hypertension
Although the exact mechanism of VEGF inhibitor-induced hypertension is not entirely understood, potential mechanisms have been proposed : oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction , an imbalance between vasodilators and vasoconstrictors , vascular remodeling, capillary rarefaction and decreased renal excretion of sodium . In addition, VEGF inhibitors can cause autonomic system toxicity and sympathetic dysregulation, resulting in hypertension .
Aflibercept, a VEGF trap, has also been associated with an increased incidence of all-grade hypertension in patients with RCC and requires BP management along similar lines as bevacizumab discussed above .